Marketing Plan Billabong - 7614 Words

Executive Summary In the world there are 194 countries and Billabong has sold their product over 100 countries, the major regions are the North America, Australasia and Europe. There are several smaller regions that are selling products of Billabong, such as Australia, New Zealand, Singapore and more (Billabong n.d.). Billabong has been recognised in Australian and most in European countries for more than 10 years in the boardsports industry, yet Billabong has a limited consumer in a limited area with the high competitors. In order to survive with the limited consumer spending observed in 2007, Billabong must adopt a strategy that is not necessarily focused on cutting costs and monitoring pricing. Also a brand â€Å"Billabong† should contain†¦show more content†¦This will add additional cost on suppliers and this may lead to loss in revenues as Billabong has many suppliers around the world include Australia, China, Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Fiji, India, Myanmar, Mexico, and Vietnam. Bec ause of the rising of petrol price, so this will affect the competitors as well, so if billabong can find a cheaper alternative for its products it will be able to gain more customers instead of losing them and this will give billabong competitive advantage of its competitors. 2.1.2 Media publics The use of various media channels may apply to the international countries which may present different of Billabong campaign. However, Billabong may need to consider the availability of the channels they are using in other countries (Czinkota Ronkainen 2004, p. 541). The channels may be available in the domestic market and be really successful but may not be visible in some countries, particularly, in the developing and undeveloped countries. The use of advanced media, such as internet, in present the new campaign program may not be implemented in the countries where the level of internet usage is low. The media channels factor is also associated with the level of technology adoption in different countries. Mobile phones and internet are innovative media which are increasingly used to promote products or services in many countries.Show MoreRelatedBillabong Marketing Plan Essay4343 Words   |  18 Pages[pic] Billabong International Ltd. Company Marketing plan By (James) Company History Billabong is a holding company for an Australian brand of surf wear and extreme sports apparel. The company was established by Gordon and Rena Merchant in Burleigh Heads on the Gold Coast, Queensland in 1973 and expanded overseas into Japan, the USA and Europe through licensing agreements with third parties. Billabong sources its products from manufacturers before attaching their specificRead MoreThe Australian Textile, Clothing And Footwear Essay1546 Words   |  7 Pagesframework and in particular its pertinence to Billabong International, one of the industry’s largest companies. An overview of the TCF industry and Billabongs role within it, will need to be given, to explain the context in which the transport function operates. Secondly, it is important to identify the optimal transport modes and clarify reasoning behind those choices with comparison to industry best practice. Importantly, technological advantages in Billabongs transport partners and the benefits to i tsRead MoreBillabong Case Study3896 Words   |  16 PagesBillabong Case Study Managing Change HISTORY ↠ Australia’s largest surfwear manufacturer, annual sales = $680 million (2003/04) ↠ Core business = marketing, distribution and retail of clothing, accessories and eyewear ↠ Sells products under other brand names including: †¢ Element (Skate wear) †¢ Von Zipper (sunglasses) †¢ Honolua Surf Company ↠ Founded in 1973 – by Gordan and Rita Merchant ↠ Reputation = supplyingRead MoreConsumer Behaviour - Product Line Extension (Billabong)4286 Words   |  18 PagesProduct: Billabong International Product Class: Surf Brand Description: Created by two avid surfers, Billabong is a brand designed by surfers, for surfers. In 1973, Billabong offered little more than a small range of surf wear: mainly surfboards and board shorts. But today, Billabong is a brand that encompasses the Australian surf culture by offering products that cater not only for the surfer inside many of us, but for fashion and lifestyle needs. 1.2 CURRENT TARGET MARKET Billabong is a brandRead MoreEssay on Billabong Analysis2133 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Chapter 1: Company Profile – Billabong International Ltd 3 1.1 Overview of Billabong 3 1.2 Financial Analysis 3 Chapter 2: Identification and evaluation of Billabong’s global strategy 4 - 7 2.1 4 P’s 4 - 5 2.1.1 Product 4 2.1.2 Promotion 4 2.1.3 Price 5 2.1.4 Place 5 2.2 SWOT Analysis 6 2.3 Current Target Market 7 2.4 Reasons for Billabong’s international expansion 7 Chapter 3: Identification and evaluation of theRead MoreTerminal Channel Marketing By Billabong ( Barrie 2015 ) Essay2067 Words   |  9 PagesAllen Consulting Group 2010, p.5). The shipments are deconsolidated and packed into LTL or FTL for delivery direct to outlets; or multiple outlets along a route using trucks (APL Logistics 2016b). Additionally, the introduction of omni-channel marketing by Billabong (Barrie 2015) has necessitated frequent and small parcel delivery in a timely fashion. This function is handled by Star Track Express, who employ a combination of air freight and light truck as modal choices (Star Track Express 2012). AirRead MoreBillabong Swot Analysis 20122317 Words   |  10 PagesCOMPANY PROFILE Billabong International Ltd. REFERENCE CODE: 41BBAC6B-451C-40A8-BD4C-8862EB1A77EA PUBLICATION DATE: 6 Apr 2012 www.marketline.com COPYRIGHT MARKETLINE. THIS CONTENT IS A LICENSED PRODUCT AND IS NOT TO BE PHOTOCOPIED OR DISTRIBUTED. Billabong International Ltd. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Company Overview..............................................................................................3 Key Facts..................................................Read MoreBillabong Case Study10465 Words   |  42 PagesIntroduction Billabong International Limited (BBG) produces surf wear, sports apparel and accessories for the surf, skate and snowboard markets (Macquarie, 2012). The firm recorded an 18.4% decrease in net profit to A$119.1 million in 2011 (Billabong Shareholder Review 2010/2011). After intense acquisition efforts, which saw Billabong buying over 11 brands (Appendix A), the company was forced to undergo a major restructuring, closing 150 stores and cutting 400 jobs worldwideRead MoreBusiness1936 Words   |  8 Pagesto devise the optimal marketing strategy to cope with these conditions. This topic explores the features of the external environment that impact upon marketing decisions. Macro environment is the external and uncontrollable factors that influence a companys or products development. Billabong must know the value of each of the macro environment factors; such as, economic, demographics, and lifestyle, technology and natural forces. Before companies, or in our case Billabong, produce new productsRead MoreMarketing Case Study on Nixon6117 Words   |  25 Pagesskate and snowboard team all have input into the watch  designs which the company so loving crafts. The design team then take this and draw influence from the world of sport, music and art and create some very cool watches. PART 2: Marketing Environmental Analysis 1. Macro-environmental Analysis Technological In terms of watches, with improvements in technology the usage of clocks on numerous devices makes it loose its practicality. The main examples that people turn to today

Terry Schiavo Must Die Essay Example For Students

Terry Schiavo Must Die Essay The time had come for the inevitable end of this story, this miserable lot of the last fifteen years for Terry Schiavo. Brain-damaged and rubber-boned, barely human anymore, Schiavo had the indignity of having her nerve-reflex smile paraded out every time the moment came close for her to have to sink or swim, to learn quickly to feed herself or starve. She was the unfortunate child of narcisstic parents who have pathetically deluded themselves into believing that, at some point, the rock that rolled around in her head would have became a brain once again. Terry Schiavo was brain damaged. There was no hope of recovery nor was she able to breath on her own though had to be fed through a tube. So when is it okay to take a loved one off life support, or to keep them alive by machine? We are not a merciful nation, for we believe that suffering is a gift from God or some such bullshit, and if you are chosen to suffer, and then suffer you must. Despite the fact that virtually every competent medical person who has walked into Schiavos room and smelled the shit-scent of death has declared Schiavo a cabbage or, on a good day, a pea pod, the right smells opportunity to distract people from the gutting of programs that actually do good for the living . Other experts who have witnessed Schiavos eyes follow a balloon on videotape are nonsensical idiots. I have heard on the radio that Terry was so near to death, that even if the feeding tube wouldve been reinserted she wouldve probably died of a shock. So my question is, if her parents somehow would have gotten there way, and the feeding tube would have been reinserted, and if she would have died from it, would it be still considered that we the humans are murderer, and Terrys death was not part of Gods plan. There are some people who claims that their thought regarding Terrys death is that, is was a murder. Murder is what the law says it is, not what you think it is. The only comfort in any of this is that Schiavo did not know a thing that was going on. She was an object, not a subject. Her death was the only caring solution. This essay is only for research purposes. If used, be sure to cite it properly!

Texoil Negotiation Essay Example

Texoil Negotiation Paper Value based pricing was going to be the key, I thought, from the moment I looked at the Texoil case as the service station owner. From my perspective, the owners not only owned the station, but had acquired a loyal customer base. They had knowledge of the regional environment. They themselves were part of the reason the station was successful. My contention was that if Texoil built a station without them, it would be both risky and potentially unsuccessful. Based on the above value analysis, my partner and I decided that the total value of the station was: the cost of a new building for Texoil plus lost revenues during construction plus the lifetime value of previously acquired customers plus the risk reduction of a failed venture – a total of two million dollars. We knew that the above figure was quite high, and we planned to come out quickly and anchor the discussion there with our supporting evidence. [1] Since the preliminary analysis showed it would cost Texoil 650k to build and 553k was our minimum desired selling price, our goal was to walk away with any deal above 650k. We will write a custom essay sample on Texoil Negotiation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Texoil Negotiation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Texoil Negotiation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I was open to thinking creatively about a deal that was not all-cash. [2] We recognized quickly that our BATNA so-so. If we sold for 400k it might be enough to pay for the sailboat, but it would not be enough to live on later. However, we realized that even in this worst case scenario, the boat could be sold upon returning in order to finance subsequent expenses. It wasn’t perfect but it was palatable. Ultimately, a deal that beat 400k would also work, but it would be leaving value on the table. Looking forward to the negotiation, we knew the Texoil rep would remark on the fact that we had been running ads in the newspaper. We felt that this was a disadvantage as it made us look desperate to sell. We wanted Texoil to think our BATNA was not only another offer but also continuing to enjoy running the station. The concocted story was: we started running the ads after we got an ‘out of the blue’ offer by a large competitor. We were SO surprised by this generous offer that we decided to go fishing to see what other interest was out there, though we had by no means decided that we wanted to sell. Process My partner and I as well as the Texoil rep spent some time getting acquainted and exchanging pleasantries. Relationship building before a negotiation is a key to successful outcomes. [3] He asked us why we were selling, and we trotted out our planned back story. A silence came over the discussion, and my partner proceeded to share our estimated two-million-dollar valuation. The Texoil rep’s brow furrowed, he scribbled on his paper, and said that based on his analysis he could offer us 200k! I was taken aback. My first instinct was that he was re-anchoring low. For most of the subsequent negotiation I felt he was playing hard ball. I countered by returning to the value discussion. I elaborated once again about how starting a gas station in a tough region with plenty of competitors was not a slam dunk; that there was a risk of failing, and that was the reason to pay a premium. The Texoil rep nodded his head and said, I still don’t understand how you’re getting to two million. At this point, I realized we had been doing too much talking, and potentially giving up too much information. We hadn’t asked why Texoil was interested, what their assumptions were, what they were looking at? Not letting the opposition speak was a blunder. Unfortunately, however, the rep didn’t give much information away. I redirected the conversation. I said, â€Å"our data shows it would cost you at least 650k to build, plus the customer base. † So how in the world are you getting somewhere between 200k and 300k. This was a smart move, because it got him to acknowledge that indeed the price to build was 650k, but that was for a new facility, potentially with the convenience store. I said sure, but then you’re going to be competing against me, and you’ll lose. Clearly existing relationships matter. He said price matters more. We went back and forth a little. At this point, I introduced the idea of us having a partial stake in the gas station. The Texoil rep seemed to be more ok with that idea, but the percent was still low. We appealed to his honest side. â€Å"Look,† we said, â€Å"We started at two million, we’ve gone way down. Do you want a deal or not? † He admitted that he had a cap on his spend. He offered $450k. I said at that level we’ll need a 20% stake. We went back and forth and landed on $450k, 15% stake, and 40 hours of work between the two of us upon returning from the vacation. Learning About Self I believe I showed a couple key strengths in this negotiation. First, by continuing to re-center the discussion about value, we earned a higher ending agreement. [I believe we had one of the most favorable agreements in the class for the gas station proprietors. ] We were able to sell the Texoil rep on the concept that he needed us and the skillset we brought. When we got down to a number that worked for him, he was open to non-cash solutions. One of the challenges in this case was information asymmetry. Not knowing the opponents’ information, limitations, and whether they were just pulling our leg. After the rep brought up that $650k was the price including an entirely new station with a convenience store, plus new pumps, I realized we had to be willing to pivot down. We acknowledged that taking into account the store and new pumps, the number was at least 500k to build, and they still needed us or it wouldn’t be a successful business. Knowing when your value proposition is different than originally stated is another key to getting the deal made. At one point my partner said, â€Å"Do you want a deal or not? You approached us to buy the station, but it seems like you’re not actually interested. Are you? † That did elicit the reaction of, â€Å"well yeah. † I think this shows that sometimes, when you’re stuck, zooming out to the 10,000 ft level can be beneficial. The mistake I made during this negotiation was that I let my mouth run wild for too long at certain points. I need to be more conscious, and actively listen. One thing I’m proud of is that we were open to a lot of creative solutions that were non-cash based. This gets at my own decision making criteria, where I land somewhere between a â€Å"charismatic† and a â€Å"thinker. †[4] I like seeing both the big picture and seeing the data. The thinker side that relishes the data feed, in some ways is very challenged by the ambiguity of negotiation. In some ways you don’t always know if you got the best deal you could get. That’s hard as a thinker who wants to win. Having that â€Å"charismatic† side, however, helps in terms of creating the grand strategy; coming up with the value proposition. Maybe I don’t get the most perfect deal, but at least the conceptual thinking and game-plan is on solid footing. What would you do differently? I have two regrets. First, my partner and I should have listened more to the rep at the start of the conversation. He was great at letting us talk. It turned out he didn’t actually know much about the situation, so we played right into his hands. The second mistake was not creating some sort of hierarchy of who was chief negotiator or roles. We discussed our overall plan, and that we were setting our initial value at two million, but after he re-anchored at 200k, we were off our game. There were a few times when my partner said something that I wasn’t completely in agreement with, and probably vice versa. We ended up taking a break a little more than half way through to resettle and to discuss where we were at. This was partially due to frustration. In retrospect, this was a shrewd decision and could have been taken early. I think the lesson is, if the opponent is doing something unexpected, stop and think deeply or take a break. It doesn’t seem to hurt.

Have you ever been to a country Essays

Have you ever been to a country Essays Have you ever been to a country Essay Have you ever been to a country Essay Have you ever been to a country where our past is in the present and our present is going to be in the future? Nepal is an undeveloped country and it is one of the â€Å"ten unprosperous countries† (Tessa Feller) in the world. Nepal is one of the most religious countries and is the only official Hindu state in the world. Nepal was only introduced to the world in 1951. Before that, Nepal was under the rule of the Rana’s, who did not allow any tourist to enter. Now, Nepal is once again a monarchy. Since then, Nepal is being introduced to many modern equipment and settlements. It is very depressing for Nepal, having to face this situation when it has many tourist attractions, and many people would like to visit a society completely different from their own. The poor economy of Nepal is holding its true potential from shining. By donating, the economy can grow and children can have a proper education. Since, tourists live in poor conditions when in Nepal, companies can invest to make hotels and make a large profit from it.Tourism is Nepal’s most important industry, although it has â€Å"suffered from the Maoist conflict† (Tessa Feller). Nepal’s tourists range from two-hundred thousand to four-hundred thousand every year. The main reason why people visit Nepal is because it is a completely different society than their own. Since Nepal was only introduced to the world in 1951, many people don’t know about it. It is a society under the progression of modernizing, but is still in the past. Also, Nepal has many attractions such as the Himalayas containing eight of the ten highest mountains in the world. The Himalayas are not just high mountains which are climbed to prove someone’s ability; they are mountains sacred to gods. Many people visit to catch a glimpse of the world’s highest mountain, Mount Everest. These mountains bring publicity and money to Nepal.TV’s and computers give happiness and entertainment to people all across the world, but in countries like Nepal this type of entertainment cannot be afforded by the country. Nepal is one of the ten poorest countries in the world. There are no TV’s, no internet and there only â€Å"public washrooms where everyone can see you† (Tessa Feller). The â€Å"GDP per capita income for Nepal is only $1000† (CIA World Factbook). In Canada, families spend around $1000 in one month. How can people expect Nepalese to spend $1000 in a year?This is why most people in a family, including children work and this can cause many illnesses. â€Å"Nepal exports carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grains for $830million (does not include unrecorded trades with India), and they import gold, machinery equipment, petroleum products and fertilizer for $2.389billion.† Nepal’s import is three times more than there export, which is why they had a â€Å"debt of 3.07 billion in March 2006† (CIA World Factbook) and the debt, is still increasing. Until the debt is paid off, it is going to be hard for Nepal to modernize and our present can only be seen in Nepal’s future.Waking up in the morning wet and cold. In Nepal many people live in poor conditions. It is very â€Å"cool up north and subtropical in the south† (Let’s Visit Nepal). Since, the economy is poor the living conditions are also poor. Many children and adults suffer from these conditions. â€Å"There a re around seven major infectious diseases in Nepal including HIV/AIDS. There are around sixty-one thousand people living with HIV/AIDS and around three thousand one-hundred people died because of it. Around sixty-two out of one thousand babies die.† (CIA World Factbook) Also Nepal lacks in education. Only children over fifteen can read and write (48.6 % of population can read and write). The donations of people are needed to save many lives in Nepal. Remember, a baby shouldn’t be blamed for something it didn’t do.Tourism brings money and publicity, but it lacks quality. The economy is very poor causing the country to be undeveloped. Also, there are poor living conditions, which affect children in many ways. Donation and investment of companies and others can increase the economy and help develop it. Also, it can save many lives! Be a friend to those people who suffer from these poor conditions. A friend in need is a friend indeed. :

Sony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sony - Essay Example To be the most competitive and outstanding market player, it is desirable for Sony Company to practice both online and off-line marketing. Sony on the Web Marketers at Sony Corp are looking for alternative marketing and social networks marketing is the most preferable in the modern context. They connect with their customers online. They can promote their goods globally. The most effective strategy of Sony online is online tutorial, where they located the information about digital photography. The name of the company is Sony 101, where four special "campuses" for online visitors are developed: personal computing, entertainment for home, digital photography, and finding different business solutions for the small businesses (Bearman and Bruckner). Online visitors can be enlisted to any course they like in these campuses (Grasby, 2004). For example, one of the most popular campuses is the digital photography campus. Different relevant Sony products are advertised in the process of study of this course. Barbara L. Miller, director of corporate marketing Web services with the Tokyo-based company of Sony claims that they intended to talk about different changes in technology and were not merely focused on promotion of Sony products. Sony launches internal marketing, where their customers can advertise Sony products and tell about them to each other. In accordance with Social Vibe, it is claimed that some of the Company's ads reached up to a 40% share rate. Further on the Company was focused on advertising in the Facebook. The effectiveness of these types of ads is evident: 91% of people looked for the company's ads and paid attention to brand messages. They developed a new advertising campaign to appeal for different types of customers: from families to women and men. A well-known name of the advertising company is: "It only does everything, because the company wants to shift the accents from being a seller of hardcore games and Xboxes to an entertainment center" (). Sony united its power with Deutsch LA, which helped the company to be on the move. Sony makes an emphasis on online ads and decreases the number of printed sources of advertising. Dille underlines: "The ability to have that one-to-one relationship with consumers, monitoring the effective messages, and changing things on the fly gives us a closer relationship with consumers" (Super Facebook Marketing Case Study). They are more interested in mothers, who can take the PlayStation 3 message to their social network friends. Thus, the potential customers advertise products of the company themselves, as well as looking for alternative means of advertising. On the Facebook page Sony has a chance to communicate with more than 1 million fans and Twitter comprises more than 323,000 followers (Super Facebook Marketing Case Study). To measure success of the company online, it is relevant to pay attention for click-through rates. It is of high importance for the company to find out the real reaso n of the customers for being interested in one or another product. The first positive changes are evident: Sony sales increased up to 35% and Microsoft sales decreased up to13%. In accordance with the modern prognosis, it is possible to predict that video game advertising could increase from $24 million in 2009 to $47 million in 2014, which comprises a 14.4% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) (Super Facebook M

Three stories of Franz Kafka, featuring the theme of isolation and Essay

Three stories of Franz Kafka, featuring the theme of isolation and social laws including Before The Law, excluding Metamorphisis - Essay Example Franz Kafka’s parable Before the Law is an enigmatic contemplation of a man and his relation to social laws and the isolation he faces throughout his existence. The story explains the life of a man who attempts to gain admittance to a pathway referred to as the Law. When the man confronts the doorkeeper about admittance, the doorkeeper responds that he cannot admit him now, but possibly at a later date he will be allowed to pass. The man looks inside of the path and the doorkeeper witnesses him doing so and says to him that he may attempt to enter despite his wishes but that there are many more doorkeepers ahead, the third of which the original doorkeeper believes is so hideous he can’t even look at. The man resigns himself to his current situation and pulls up a stool and sits on it in anticipation of being admitted into the pathway. As the years pass the man gives everything to the doorkeeper attempting to bribe him, but is consistently rebuffed in his attempts to be granted admittance to the pathway. Finally, as the man is about to die, he asks the doorkeeper why other people haven’t attempted to gain admittance to the pathway and the doorkeeper responds, â€Å"No one else could ever be admitted here, since this gate was made only for you. I am going to shut it (p. 3).† While the exact definition of what the Law constitutes in this story is vague, one can assume that it represents some form of society or level of existence that the man has been attempting to gain admittance to. In this regard, it represents the life the man wants but cannot attain because of restraining social laws. However hard the man tries to advance his life and existence, he is constantly faced with the inevitable conclusion that he is stuck in his current position. Ultimately, the story is a meditation on the absurdity of existence and the isolation it entails. Not only is the man unable to gain admittance into the doorway, but he must wait in isolation throughout his entire

Africa essay Essay Example for Free

Africa essay Essay Sub-Saharan Africa: Change and Continuity Essay Summaries Period 3 1 600-1450: Trade Routes and Their Impacts by Stephanie Lin 2 100-1450: Politics by Rebecca Lee-McFadden 3 1450-1750: Politics and Economics by Emma Loh 4 Sub-Saharan Africa’s Relationship to Global Trade Patterns 1750 to the Present by Douglas Chee 5 1450-Present: Religion by LJ Cabutaje 6 1914-Present: Formation of National Identities by George Kitsios a using evidence from specific countries Essay 1 Sub-Saharan Africa 600 -1450 Trade Routes and Their Impacts Before the 600s, trade routes in Africa weren’t used nearly as much as they are today After 600s, long distance trade increased and increased social and cultural diffusion At the end of the 600s, the world saw the decline of the classical period The fall of the classical empires such as the Gupta and Han Empires and Rome allowed various religions to spread Before 600 CE, connections existed between Sub-Saharan Africa and civilized societies, but were limited Cultural diffusion before the 600s included Africanity and diffusion of Bantu languages As trade routes intensified, Arab traders could spread to previously unreachable areas using camels and caravans One of the key changes that occurred during this period was the influence and spread of Islamic religion and culture and the connection of West Africa with the Muslim World Trade also increased economic prosperity, such as in the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhai Gold-salt trade between Ghana and Arab desert traders and the Mediterranean prospered considerably as Ghana had gold but no salt and the Mediterranean had salt but no gold Ghana’s king converted to Islam, led to better relations with the Islamic world Indian Ocean trade led to increased development of city-states such as Mogadishu and Sofala Slave trading increased Much continuity accompanied these changes Syncretic conversion, which is they kept some of their own beliefs while converting to a new religion such as intertwining Islam with animism and ancient folklore Many people were still devoted to Christianity Nomads were still the â€Å"middlemen† between the east and west Same basic routes were still used for trade during this period Africans retained their sense of originality and culture Essay 2 Evaluate the political changes and continuities over time in Sub Saharan Africa from years 100 to 1450. Thesis: Sub Saharan Africa went from being made up of small individual tribes to large, organized empires. The arrival of new religions also affected the laws and codes Sub Saharan Africans had to follow. Throughout these changes, one continuity was that religious beliefs still played an important part in the political structures. Changes: -Smaller and decentralized tribes became larger, more organized empires. During 100 CE and earlier, there did not exist organized governments. Most societies were clans and tribes ruled by a tribal leader. Some societies were hunter-gatherer ones. Unification really could not occur due to arid environments and culturally diverse regions. Larger empires and kingdoms were able to rise because of an increase in interaction and trade between tribes. An increased production of crops and iron tools and artisan goods led to more trading. As tribes traded, some grew wealthier and more powerful. These tribes conquered others and took control of regional trade routes becoming more powerful. They then became larger kingdoms and societies. Ghana and Great Zimbabwe were two examples of this. Their rise to power was due to the wealth earned from trading and controlling trade routes. Eastern City States like Zanzibar, Mombasa, and Sofala rose to power because of trading in the Indian Ocean Trading Route. -Religions like Islam and Christianity affected law codes Most of Sub-Saharan Africans followed animism. With the arrival of monotheistic religions like Christianity and Islam, law codes were altered. Mali, for example, was an Islamic state. The people under the Mali empire had to follow Islamic law, sharia and the Quran. The Kingdom of Aksum converted to Christianity under the king, Ezana. Ezana ruled his people under the beliefs and teachings of Christianity. Continuities: Religious beliefs continued to play a role in political structures and law codes Whether the dominating religion was Islam, Christianity, or animism, it still affected how the particular society ran and the laws the people had to follow. Animism also affected tribes politically. Kings and tribal leaders were believed to be decedents of their gods. Religion was all people knew and was so heavily integrated in their lives,. Political structures and law codes were not an exception to this. Essay 3 Prompt: The period of 1450 to 1750 witnessed important transformations in Africa. Trace significant changes and continuities in two of the following areas: social, economic, and political. Economics Change: emergence and eventual domination of the transatlantic slave trade first interactions with Europeans Portuguese and some African tribes created trade relations that were beneficial to both sides in gold, world markets. WHY European production growth, e.g. Portugal’s sugar plantations profits went to Africa, most slaves were POWs Continuity: the profitable trade of raw materials 15th C: gold, copper, cotton textiles, leather works 17th C: gold, ivory, timber Politics Changes political alliances with European foreigners 1500s: some African kings were open to European religions (Christianity) allowed access to European firearms and association with advanced societies few were actually committed to Christianity due to dominant Muslim culture. 17th Century: kings profited from the slave trade, cooperative with Europeans some kings lost power to the slave trade 15th C: some normal Africans started to be kidnapped for the slave trade Continuity: monarchies as the dominant governments which maintained power throughout Africa. forced Europeans to adhere to African trading customs. collected expensive rents from European merchants. prevented Europeans from claiming African territory were not heavily influenced by Europeans. ** not all kings participated in European trade, and a majority of them did not. Essay 4 Sub-Saharan Africa’s Relationship to Global Trade Patterns 1750 to the Present Sub-Saharan Africa is rich with raw materials precious metals, animal products, plant oils. 1750s: Independent African kingdoms exported gold, copper, ivory, vegetable oils, and animal pelts to various Western powers, in exchange for machine-made products. Lack of industrialization.  Huge slave trade from 1750-1867, despite Great Britains attempted abolishment in 1808. Slaves utilized in Western colonies and plantations. Constant European presence and tight relationship in trade. Scramble for Africa: End of slave trade led to economic weakness, leaving African states vulnerable to the European imperialists. Peak of European’s constant influence. New exports included diamonds and rubber. Africa continued to be a global source for raw materials, due to their continued lack of industrialization. Post WWII: Nationalistic movements brought independence from European powers, but left political/economic issues for the now decolonized states. Dependency on the delicate trade of cash crops, in addition to the lack of industrialization and help for the now expelled European powers had led to economic backwardness in Sub-Saharan Africa. Essay 5 Religious Changes and Continuities in Sub-Saharan Africa: 1450-Present: Thesis: From 1450 to the present, Sub-Saharan Africas religious atmosphere has experienced many changes due to the exponential growth of such global religions as Christianity and Islam in the region, while it has also maintained religious continuities in its traditional and established beliefs and practices, by the usage of syncretism Changes and Analysis: There was a large growth in the spread of Islam throughout the region. Because of the way that cultural diffusion occurred throughout various trade routes, Islam easily spread throughout the region and integrated into the cultures of local tribes, without the need for conquest from the leaders. From 1900 to the present, it grew exponentially, from a few million to more than 300 million, comprising 15% of the worlds Islamic population. Christianity was the other global religion that grew exponentially during this time period. It was first introduced in the 15th century by Portuguese Catholic missionaries who wanted to convert the natives to their faith. Similarly to Islam, in the 20th century, the Christian population in Sub-Saharan Africa rose up, eventually totaling over 470 million, effectively making up more than 20% of the worlds Christian population. This occurred due to the heavy anti-slavery sentiment and the scramble for Africa which occurred in this time period. Continuities and Analysis: Despite the changes, the people of this region were still able to adhere to their long-time and ancient beliefs and traditions. Many still practice animism, or the belief in the spirits of nature, and practice rituals such as voodoo. They were able to continue because of the tolerance of the major global religions and also because of their practice of syncretism, in which they incorporated the local religions with these global religions. One last continuity was Christianity in Ethiopia, where the religion was indigenous and was there from the 4th Century CE. Essay 6 -Pre WWII, Sub Saharan Africa witnesses significant changes in the identities of its nations. Largely fueled as a reaction to separatist movements from European Colonial structures, and a recent surge in nationalism -Many strive towards self governed rule with dreams of liberation influenced by fighting in the name of freedom in the 2nd World War Changes: -Ghana -Gold Coast was hot bed of nationalism after WWII, desire for British to allow self rule -Took first step through African representation in council, but not enough -Many had aspirations for Ghana to become the African United States -Ambitious Goal expanded in 1947, Kwame Nkrumah starts series of boycotts, strikes, etc -By 1957, Gold Coast receives full independence, renamed Ghana -Nkrumah 1st president, creates proactive reforms -Kenya -Also governed from a far by the British -Large amounts of free land in Northern Highlands believed by the Native kenyans their own land with their own rights; not some prize for Britain. -Movement for Kenyan Independence begins, seeded in nationalism, by Joma Kenyatta, who like others, believed Africa can only advance to a higher level if he is free to express himself†¦, meaning free from external rule -Formation of Mau Mau Guerilla group, more violent approach toward Kenyan national identity, killing 10,000 Africans and 100 settlers in the process -Eventually, Kenya gains independence in 1963 Continuities: -One of largest things that stayed the same was the pattern of violence and oppression experienced in inter and intercommunication of African native groups/future nations -Nigeria -Key example, newborn nation that adopts a federal system -Borders did not pay attention to the cultural tensions it put in place among the civilians, would provoke a large amount of controversy -Ultimately leads to a full out civil war breaking loose, amongst a number of ethnic groups forced to live together with no prior notice -Horrible level of instability within the government, provoking martial law on some areas. -Outcome of a movement intended to liberate resulted in unimaginable violence, and the replacement of one oppressive, ignorant government, with a more familiar one -South Africa -Obtains partial independence from Great Britain by 1931, allowing for self government (sorta) -White supremacy ends up taking over the reigns immediately however policies of apartheid run rampant for the next couple of decades -Formation and barring of the African National Congress (ANC) -Misrepresentation in laws/distribution of land -South Africans are 75% of population, but only allowed on 13% of land (slum land too!) -ANC and other pro South African Native movements decide to go with a more violent route, yet many end up killed, beaten, or jailed in the 70s and 80s, especially after demonstrations in 1977. -Struggle for accurate democracy at hand, no room for reform, and realization of equality not realized until later on (Nelson Mandela) -Black citizens grossly mistreated in their own homeland, reign of violence and terror overstays its welcome